Antennas emit electromagnetic waves, which are composed of electric and magnetic fields. We say that the direction of the electric field is the polarization direction of the antenna.

　　Vertical polarized waves should be received using antennas with vertical polarization characteristics, horizontal polarized waves should be received using antennas with horizontal polarization characteristics, and right-handed circularly polarized waves should be received using antennas with right-handed circularly polarized characteristics; And left-handed circularly polarized waves need to be received using antennas with left-handed circularly polarized characteristics.

　　When the polarization direction of the incoming wave is inconsistent with the polarization direction of the receiving antenna, a certain polarization loss will occur during reception; When the polarization direction of the receiving antenna is completely orthogonal to the polarization direction of the incoming wave, the polarization loss is maximum. For example:

　　Using a horizontally polarized receiving antenna to receive vertically polarized incoming waves, or using a vertically polarized receiving antenna to receive horizontally polarized incoming waves, the antenna cannot receive the energy of the incoming waves at all;

　　Use a right-handed circularly polarized receiving antenna to receive left-handed circularly polarized incoming waves, or use a left-handed circularly polarized receiving antenna to receive right-handed circularly polarized incoming waves, and the antenna cannot receive the energy of the incoming waves at all.

　　An interesting phenomenon is that when a circularly polarized antenna is used to receive any linearly polarized wave, or when a linearly polarized antenna is used to receive any circularly polarized wave, a polarization loss of 3 decibels is generated, that is, only half of the energy of the incoming wave can be received.

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